Sui Generis

AN EVALUATION OF THE REFLECTIONS AND ABSOLUTE NECESSITY OF INNOVATION IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Yücel Oğurlu — 2025-12-01

Digital transformation causes radical structural changes in the field of administrative law and public administration; Technologies such as artificial intelligence, internet of things, blockchain and data-based governance necessitate a rethinking of administrative decision-making processes. With this study, it is aimed to explain why innovation is mandatory in terms of administrative law and public administration, and the literature is summarized in a holistic framework. In this study, the transformation in contemporary regulation models; the impact of digital technologies on administrative decision-making processes; what kind of structural change has occurred in the interaction between citizens benefiting from public services and the administration; and finally, the legal consequences of innovation are discussed. Attention was drawn to the necessity of restructuring administrative law by taking into account its contemporary features such as flexibility, transparency and adaptability while preserving the principles of legal security and legal stability.

FORMS OF SOCIAL RESPONSE TO CRIME THROUGHOUT HISTORY

Marjan GABEROV — 2025-12-01

The issue of responding to crime has existed since the earliest stages of human society and has accompanied humanity throughout its entire existence. Historical development shows that people have always sought to understand why criminal behavior occurs, namely, the causes of such behavior, as well as the measures that should and could be undertaken to prevent it in the future. Explanations for the occurrence of criminal behavior in practice can be found in criminological research and theories, whereas answers regarding how to prevent the recurrence of such behavior in the future are provided by penological research and theories.

This paper focuses in particular on the analysis of the forms of social response to crime throughout history, with the aim of gaining insight into the ways in which societies have reacted to criminal behavior.

THE POWERS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF PUBLIC ORDER

Hediye Günay — 2025-12-01

As a social being, human prefers to live in security and peace within a certain order. For the state, public order has taken its place as an indispensable concept, and legally, it has become an essential term in all fields. This study examines the economic dimension of public order by investigating the legality, limits, and scope of state interventions. With the development and transformation of economic rules worldwide, the concept of economic public order has emerged. The relationship between economic public order and public interest has been analyzed through determining factors such as tax policy, economic crises, competition law, income distribution, and state intervention. On the other hand, the study emphasizes how current dynamics such as digitalization, green and sustainable development, and global security policies have changed economic public order. It reveals how significant economic public order is in ensuring and protecting the public interest. The study was prepared using the research method based on literature review and conceptual analysis.

THE PLACE OF THE MACEDONIAN NOTARY OFFICE WITHIN THE MAJOR WORLD TYPES OF NOTARY SYSTEMS

Dijana Gjorgieva — 2025-12-01

The notary office plays an important role in ensuring legal certainty within different legal systems worldwide. Comparative legal theory distinguishes between several major types of notary systems, most notably the Latin (continental) and the Anglo-Saxon (common law) models. This paper examines the place of the Macedonian notary office within these global classifications. It argues that the notary system in North Macedonia belongs to the Latin type of notary office, characterized by the delegation of public authority to independent and impartial notaries. Macedonian notaries are empowered to draft public instruments with enhanced evidentiary and enforceable value and to perform a preventive legal function by ensuring the legality of legal transactions. Through these functions, the notary office contributes to legal certainty, efficiency, and the reduction of court caseloads. The paper concludes that the Macedonian notary office represents an integral part of the European Latin notary tradition and a significant component of the national legal system.

THE LEGAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE METAVERSE: PROPERTY, IDENTITY, AND VIRTUAL CRIME

Abdulatif Nuredini — 2025-12-01

The metaverse ecosystem, characterized by persistent, interactive, and often economically active virtual environments, simultaneously strains private law’s property rights contract triangle, the digital extension of personality rights, and criminal law’s architecture of legality, proof, and jurisdiction. This article systematically examines core legal issues in three axes: (i) virtual assets and claims of “virtual ownership,” particularly NFT-based representations; (ii) digital identity and the legal protection of avatar-related harms; and (iii) virtual crime, with a focus on electronic evidence and cross-border jurisdiction. Treating the metaverse not merely as a technological novelty but as a normative friction zone between platform governance (“private ordering” through platform rules) and state law, the study combines doctrinal analysis, EU-anchored comparative inquiry, and a multi-case approach. The findings indicate that “virtual ownership” often functions not as classical property in rem, but as a bundle of rights (access, licensing, claims, token control, and account governance); that avatar-based harms make the digital dimension of personality rights particularly salient; and that, in virtual crime, the principal bottleneck frequently lies less in substantive definitions than in electronic evidence and transnational enforcement. The concluding section advances recommendations on conceptual clarity, grounding platform duties of care in positive law (notably the EU Digital Services Act), evidence preservation standards, and international cooperation.