Sui Generis

Juvenile Delinquency Through The Prism Of The United Nations Documents

Marjan Gaberov — 2026-06-30

Juvenile delinquency is a significant social and legal issue that requires effective prevention measures and appropriate treatment of juvenile offenders. The United Nations has played an important role in establishing
international standards aimed at protecting children's rights and promoting a humane approach to juvenile justice. This paper analyzes the United Nations’approach to juvenile delinquency, focusing on the principles of prevention,
protection of children's rights, and reintegration of juveniles into society.
The analysis highlights the importance of international standards in shaping national policies and practices related to juvenile justice. It concludes that the United Nations’ approach is centered on the best interests of the child,prevention of delinquent behavior, and the successful social reintegration of juveniles.

Parliamentary Control Over the Government in the Republic of North Macedonia: Reassessing Constitutional Accountability Through Comparative Constitutional Law

Ebrar IBRAIMI — 2026-06-30

The theory of the separation of powers remains one of the central issues in constitutional law. Within this framework, parliamentary control serves as a fundamental constitutional mechanism through which legislatures ensure executive accountability and preserve the balance between the legislative and executive branches.Although parliamentary constitutions provide various oversight instruments, including parliamentary questions, interpellations, inquiry committees and votes of confidence, their constitutional existence does not necessarily guarantee effective operation in practice. While constitutional scholarship has largely focused on the legal regulation of parliamentary oversight, comparatively less attention has been given to the relationship between constitutional design and institutional effectiveness.
This article examines the constitutional effectiveness of parliamentary control in the Republic of North Macedonia through a comparative analysis of Serbia and Slovenia. It argues that parliamentary oversight should be assessed not only by the existence of constitutional mechanisms but also by their ability to produce effective executive
accountability. The research employs a qualitative methodology combining doctrinal constitutional analysis, comparative constitutional law and institutional analysis,drawing upon constitutional provisions, parliamentary rules, official parliamentarydocuments, European Commission and other international reports, and contemporary
academic literature.
The findings indicate that the main weaknesses of parliamentary oversight in North Macedonia arise not from constitutional deficiencies but from limited executive responsiveness, insufficient institutional follow-up and weak parliamentary committee capacity. Comparative analysis demonstrates that stronger committee oversight,mandatory governmental responses, systematic post-legislative scrutiny and greater transparency significantly enhance parliamentary accountability. The article therefore proposes an Integrated Constitutional Accountability Model,arguing that effective parliamentary oversight depends on the interaction between constitutional design, parliamentary scrutiny, executive responsiveness, institutional follow-up and public transparency.

Detection of Cybercrime Proceeds in Banking Money Transfers: A Comparative Analysis from the Perspective of Turkish, EU and U.S. Law

Cüneyt Şamil Oğurlu — 2026-06-30

This article examines the detection of cybercrime proceeds in banking money transfers from a comparative legal perspective, focusing on Turkish,European Union and United States law. It argues that cybercrime proceeds no longer move through simple linear banking channels but are increasingly routed through crypto-asset anonymisation services, OTC intermediaries,money mule networks and multi-layered transfer chains. In this context,traditional rule-based compliance systems are insufficient, making anomaly detection, risk scoring and machine-learning-based monitoring an expected institutional capacity for banks. The article first explains the structural link between cybercrime proceeds and banking transfers through ransomware,business email compromise and SWIFT manipulation cases. It then analyses the technical and legal status of statistical detection tools, including clustering, network analysis, ARIMA, Isolation Forest, Random Forest,XGBoost and LightGBM. The central legal question is whether algorithmic outputs should be treated as evidence, presumptions, risk indicators or mere grounds for initiating investigations. The article compares Turkish centralised administrative compliance, the EU’s multilayered rights-sensitive regulatory model and the U.S. risk-based and innovation-oriented approach.It further evaluates the implications of algorithmic detection for legality,equality of arms, the right of defence, explainability, the presumption of innocence and property rights. The article concludes that the most defensible
model is a hybrid framework combining Turkish institutional clarity, EU transparency and human oversight safeguards, and U.S. model risk management. Algorithmic detection should therefore be accountable,auditable, contestable, human-reviewed and compatible with cross-border cooperation within modern digital criminal procedure and financial regulatory governance systems today.

Corruption and Regulatory Compliance in International Trade of Medical Services: An International Law Perspective with a Case Study of Kazakhstan

Binur BERTAYEVA — 2026-06-30

In recent decades, cross-border trade of medical services has expanded more than ever, and alongside it, the trade has presented some unique challenges and opportunities for the global health care system. Among the challenges, trade regulations, corruption, and inequity of access to health care services present some of the greatest obstacles from a jurisdictional, ethical, and legal perspective. This study analyzes the impact of corruption on the international trade of medical services and the maintenance of regulatory compliance from international legal instruments on Kazakhstan. In the Central Asia, there are almost no studies that attempt to holistically analyze the peculiarities of corruption in health care system on the cross-border medical trade, and the systemic void in trade compliance, while there are more than enough studies regarding the individual branches of the challenges. The gap in regulations and compliance mechanisms will be identified through doc-qualitative method, including the analysis of the national legal documents, international legal treaties, and policy documents. In Kazakhstan’s legal order there are some foundational and elemental legal regulations in some of the branches of law, however, the lack of effective implementation, the lack of transparency, and legal voids relating to the enforcement mechanism of laws, corruption will continue to exist, negatively impacting the quality of health care services, vulnerable foreign investments, and the paradox of international relations. This points to the need for more legal instruments, more legal regulations, and to bring domestic laws in line with international legal standards. hese insights are relevant not only for Kazakhstan but also for other Central Asian states seeking to enhance integrity and compliance in the international medical services market.

The Debate In The Ottoman Parliament On The Law For The Churches And Schools Of The Patriarchate And Exarchate

Frymzim DAUTI — 2026-06-30

Members of Parliament in the Ottoman Parliament, took an active part in the parliamentary debate during the introduction of the law that regulated the competences of the Greek Patriarchate (Rum) and the Bulgarian Exarchate. After the parliamentary commission submits the law for parliamentary debate and approval of the same, some Albanian MPs also submitted an amendment for the partial amendment of the law in question. The parliamentary debate lasted for three parliamentary sessions during the years 1908-1909. Some MPs gave their arguments that the law in question did not ensure the use of the Albanian language in churches or schools that were under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate or the Exarchate. The debate was also complicated by the limited powers of the Ministry of Education, whose powers at that time had not yet been defined by law for schools that were under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate and the Exarchate.