Sui Generis

CONSENSUAL (MULTIPARTY–NORTHERN EUROPEAN TYPE) PARLIAMENTARY MODEL AND CONSENSUS DEMOCRACY: THE NORTH MACEDONIAN EXPERIENCE

Azam Korbayram, Ebrar Ibraimi — Sun, 01 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0200

This paper analyses the compatibility of the government system of the Republic of North Macedonia with the consensus parliamentary democracy model developed by Arend Lijphart from a legal and political perspective. Our hypothesis is that the constitutional and institutional structure of North Macedonia largely bears the characteristics of a consensus parliamentary system; however, due to the lack of a fully established democratic political culture and ethnic/ideological polarizations, it has not been able to fully reach the consensus parliamentary model. Accordingly, our thesis is that the electoral system, multi-party structure, and mechanisms such as the double majority (Badinter) principle that ensure the participation of minorities in the political process in North Macedonia theoretically bring the country closer to consensus parliamentarism; however, in practice, it has not been able to fully realize this model due to political polarization and lack of democratic culture. The article consists of four sections. In the first section, the classification and basic criteria of the parliamentary system are evaluated in the light of classical and modern approaches. In the second section, the conciliatory parliamentary government model and its basic features are analyzed based on Arend Lijphart's criteria. In the third section, the current state of the legislative and executive mechanisms in North Macedonia is examined within the framework of the 1991 Constitution and the 2001 Ohrid Framework Agreement. In the last section, the conformity of the country's government system to the conciliatory parliamentary model is evaluated according to Lijphart's criteria, and the strengths and weaknesses are discussed.

ETIOLOGY OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Marjan Gaberov — Sun, 01 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0200

In this paper, the author analyzes the issue of etiology, specifically the causes of juvenile delinquency. It is emphasized that determining the concept of the etiology of criminality is crucial for understanding the etiology of juvenile delinquency. In order to identify the causes and factors, or, more precisely, to determine the etiology of juvenile delinquency at an earlier stage, it is necessary to first understand the etiology of criminality in general. Through a comprehensive analysis of the etiology of criminality, conclusions can be drawn regarding why certain individuals choose to commit criminal acts. Specifically, an answer is sought to the question of what motivates some individuals to come into conflict with the law or become perpetrators of various offenses.

The causes of crime and criminal behavior, the conditions that lead to their occurrence in practice, and the motives for committing crimes are fundamental questions in criminology, both theoretically and empirically. However, many issues in this area remain insufficiently researched and analyzed. Despite the existence of numerous theories, practical research, and scientific reflections on the causes of crime, there remains a limited understanding of these causes—whether they involve mass social phenomena or specific instances of criminal behavior.

If the etiology of criminality refers to the reasons behind engaging in criminal behavior, then the etiology of juvenile delinquency is focused on uncovering the causes and factors that lead to delinquent behavior in children. Through the etiology of juvenile delinquency, the question of why children engage in delinquent acts is addressed.

The author stresses that the etiology of juvenile delinquency aims to identify the roots of criminal behavior among children in society. By examining the etiology of juvenile delinquency, one can directly identify the factors—both objective and subjective—that influence children to become perpetrators of such acts. In general terms, the etiology of juvenile delinquency seeks to determine the reasons behind the prevalence of this phenomenon among children.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CIVIL PROCEDURE IN THE CIVIL LAW AND COMMON LAW SYSTEM AND FIRST STEPS FOR THEIR HARMONIZATION

Dijana Gjorgjieva, Funda Nezir — Sun, 01 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Each state creates its own civil procedural law, in accordance with the principle of national procedural autonomy. Although in principle this is so, if we analyze the civil procedures of the national legal systems on a macro level, it is undeniable that there are great differences between the civil procedure of the civil law system and the civil procedure of the common law system. Precisely because of this, the subject of analysis of this paper are the basic differences between the civil procedure of the civil law system and in the common law system.

By observing the civil procedures at the macro level, the authors of this paper aim to prove that despite the differences there is a need and possibility for their harmonization. The real proof of this is the joint project of the European Law Institute, the American Law Institute and UNIDROIT for the harmonization of civil procedures through the creation of transnational principles and rules for civil procedures.

FORMS OF INTERNAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Nada Doneva — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The crime whose object is people, who acquire the epithet „white slavery“, is not unknown, but it constantly manifests itself in new forms and shapes, through which it always finds ways to appear legal, most often hiding under legal professions and occupations. Internal human trafficking, which was invisible for a long period of time, gradually expanding the spectrum of trends of realization, today exists everywhere in the region. Human trafficking represents a serious violation of fundamental human rights and a strong affront to human dignity. The analysis of the developments in the area of human trafficking on the territory of the country and beyond confirms the facts of the Republic of North Macedonia increasingly being identified as a country of origin, and to a certain extent also a country of transit and destination for victims of human trafficking, where internal human trafficking dominates, which is carried out on the basis of certain methods of recruitment followed by an appropriate form of exploitation, as an achieved goal of previously organized and planned activities of human traffickers.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN KAZAKHSTAN'S LEGAL SYSTEM: ASSESSING CONSTITUTIONAL AND ETHICAL CONSTRAINTS

Meiramkul ISSAYEVA — Sun, 01 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0200