THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN POST INDEPENDENCE KAZAKHSTAN

Abstract

         Following its independence, Kazakhstan has implemented various reforms in the field of human rights. These reforms encompass constitutional and legal regulations, political and legal reforms, freedom of the media and expression, economic, social and cultural rights, as well as judicial independence and the rule of law.

        In 1993 and 1995, Kazakhstan adopted two significant constitutions, enshrining human rights and fundamental freedoms within its constitutional framework. Participation in international human rights conventions has supported Kazakhstan’s efforts to elevate its human rights standards. Despite democratization efforts in the post-independence period, the political structure, characterized by a strong executive branch and extensive powers granted to the President, has limited the democratization process.

        Legal reforms have aimed to strengthen judicial independence and the rule of law. In the early years of independence, freedom of the media and expression was significantly restricted due to state control and censorship practices. Pressures on journalists and media organizations led to widespread self-censorship.

        Kazakhstan has taken substantial steps in expanding access to education and healthcare, protecting workers' rights, and supporting cultural rights. Reforms in education and healthcare have improved citizens’ access to these services. Workers' rights and union activities have been legally protected. Minority rights and cultural diversity have been preserved, promoting the integration of minority groups into social life.

         Within these paradigms, this study examines the development of human rights in Kazakhstan across different fields and time periods. The research investigates the achievements and shortcomings in human rights development in Kazakhstan during the post-independence period.